// Formatting library for C++ - chrono support
//
// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
// All rights reserved.
//
// For the license information refer to format.h.

#ifndef FMT_CHRONO_H_
#define FMT_CHRONO_H_

#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <cmath>    // std::isfinite
#include <cstring>  // std::memcpy
#include <ctime>
#include <iterator>
#include <locale>
#include <ostream>
#include <type_traits>

#include "format.h"

FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

// Enable tzset.
#ifndef FMT_USE_TZSET
// UWP doesn't provide _tzset.
#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("winapifamily.h")
#include <winapifamily.h>
#endif
#if defined(_WIN32) && (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) || (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
#define FMT_USE_TZSET 1
#else
#define FMT_USE_TZSET 0
#endif
#endif

// Enable safe chrono durations, unless explicitly disabled.
#ifndef FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
#define FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST 1
#endif
#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST

// For conversion between std::chrono::durations without undefined
// behaviour or erroneous results.
// This is a stripped down version of duration_cast, for inclusion in fmt.
// See https://github.com/pauldreik/safe_duration_cast
//
// Copyright Paul Dreik 2019
namespace safe_duration_cast {

template <typename To,
          typename From,
          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value && std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed == std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
{
    ec = 0;
    using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
    using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
    static_assert(F::is_integer, "From must be integral");
    static_assert(T::is_integer, "To must be integral");

    // A and B are both signed, or both unsigned.
    if (detail::const_check(F::digits <= T::digits))
    {
        // From fits in To without any problem.
    }
    else
    {
        // From does not always fit in To, resort to a dynamic check.
        if (from < (T::min)() || from > (T::max)())
        {
            // outside range.
            ec = 1;
            return {};
        }
    }
    return static_cast<To>(from);
}

/**
 * converts From to To, without loss. If the dynamic value of from
 * can't be converted to To without loss, ec is set.
 */
template <typename To,
          typename From,
          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value && std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed != std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
{
    ec = 0;
    using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
    using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
    static_assert(F::is_integer, "From must be integral");
    static_assert(T::is_integer, "To must be integral");

    if (detail::const_check(F::is_signed && !T::is_signed))
    {
        // From may be negative, not allowed!
        if (fmt::detail::is_negative(from))
        {
            ec = 1;
            return {};
        }
        // From is positive. Can it always fit in To?
        if (detail::const_check(F::digits > T::digits) && from > static_cast<From>(detail::max_value<To>()))
        {
            ec = 1;
            return {};
        }
    }

    if (detail::const_check(!F::is_signed && T::is_signed && F::digits >= T::digits) && from > static_cast<From>(detail::max_value<To>()))
    {
        ec = 1;
        return {};
    }
    return static_cast<To>(from);  // Lossless conversion.
}

template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)> FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
{
    ec = 0;
    return from;
}  // function

// clang-format off
/**
 * converts From to To if possible, otherwise ec is set.
 *
 * input                            |    output
 * ---------------------------------|---------------
 * NaN                              | NaN
 * Inf                              | Inf
 * normal, fits in output           | converted (possibly lossy)
 * normal, does not fit in output   | ec is set
 * subnormal                        | best effort
 * -Inf                             | -Inf
 */
// clang-format on
template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value)> FMT_CONSTEXPR To safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
{
    ec = 0;
    using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
    static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
    static_assert(std::is_floating_point<To>::value, "To must be floating");

    // catch the only happy case
    if (std::isfinite(from))
    {
        if (from >= T::lowest() && from <= (T::max)())
        {
            return static_cast<To>(from);
        }
        // not within range.
        ec = 1;
        return {};
    }

    // nan and inf will be preserved
    return static_cast<To>(from);
}  // function

template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)> FMT_CONSTEXPR To safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec)
{
    ec = 0;
    static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
    return from;
}

/**
 * safe duration cast between integral durations
 */
template <typename To,
          typename FromRep,
          typename FromPeriod,
          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<FromRep>::value),
          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<typename To::rep>::value)>
To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from, int& ec)
{
    using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
    ec = 0;
    // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
    // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
    struct Factor : std::ratio_divide<typename From::period, typename To::period>
    {
    };

    static_assert(Factor::num > 0, "num must be positive");
    static_assert(Factor::den > 0, "den must be positive");

    // the conversion is like this: multiply from.count() with Factor::num
    // /Factor::den and convert it to To::rep, all this without
    // overflow/underflow. let's start by finding a suitable type that can hold
    // both To, From and Factor::num
    using IntermediateRep = typename std::common_type<typename From::rep, typename To::rep, decltype(Factor::num)>::type;

    // safe conversion to IntermediateRep
    IntermediateRep count = lossless_integral_conversion<IntermediateRep>(from.count(), ec);
    if (ec)
        return {};
    // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
    if (detail::const_check(Factor::num != 1))
    {
        const auto max1 = detail::max_value<IntermediateRep>() / Factor::num;
        if (count > max1)
        {
            ec = 1;
            return {};
        }
        const auto min1 = (std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::min)() / Factor::num;
        if (!std::is_unsigned<IntermediateRep>::value && count < min1)
        {
            ec = 1;
            return {};
        }
        count *= Factor::num;
    }

    if (detail::const_check(Factor::den != 1))
        count /= Factor::den;
    auto tocount = lossless_integral_conversion<typename To::rep>(count, ec);
    return ec ? To() : To(tocount);
}

/**
 * safe duration_cast between floating point durations
 */
template <typename To,
          typename FromRep,
          typename FromPeriod,
          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<FromRep>::value),
          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<typename To::rep>::value)>
To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from, int& ec)
{
    using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
    ec = 0;
    if (std::isnan(from.count()))
    {
        // nan in, gives nan out. easy.
        return To{std::numeric_limits<typename To::rep>::quiet_NaN()};
    }
    // maybe we should also check if from is denormal, and decide what to do about
    // it.

    // +-inf should be preserved.
    if (std::isinf(from.count()))
    {
        return To{from.count()};
    }

    // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
    // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
    struct Factor : std::ratio_divide<typename From::period, typename To::period>
    {
    };

    static_assert(Factor::num > 0, "num must be positive");
    static_assert(Factor::den > 0, "den must be positive");

    // the conversion is like this: multiply from.count() with Factor::num
    // /Factor::den and convert it to To::rep, all this without
    // overflow/underflow. let's start by finding a suitable type that can hold
    // both To, From and Factor::num
    using IntermediateRep = typename std::common_type<typename From::rep, typename To::rep, decltype(Factor::num)>::type;

    // force conversion of From::rep -> IntermediateRep to be safe,
    // even if it will never happen be narrowing in this context.
    IntermediateRep count = safe_float_conversion<IntermediateRep>(from.count(), ec);
    if (ec)
    {
        return {};
    }

    // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
    if (detail::const_check(Factor::num != 1))
    {
        constexpr auto max1 = detail::max_value<IntermediateRep>() / static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
        if (count > max1)
        {
            ec = 1;
            return {};
        }
        constexpr auto min1 = std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::lowest() / static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
        if (count < min1)
        {
            ec = 1;
            return {};
        }
        count *= static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
    }

    // this can't go wrong, right? den>0 is checked earlier.
    if (detail::const_check(Factor::den != 1))
    {
        using common_t = typename std::common_type<IntermediateRep, intmax_t>::type;
        count /= static_cast<common_t>(Factor::den);
    }

    // convert to the to type, safely
    using ToRep = typename To::rep;

    const ToRep tocount = safe_float_conversion<ToRep>(count, ec);
    if (ec)
    {
        return {};
    }
    return To{tocount};
}
}  // namespace safe_duration_cast
#endif

// Prevents expansion of a preceding token as a function-style macro.
// Usage: f FMT_NOMACRO()
#define FMT_NOMACRO

namespace detail {
template <typename T = void> struct null
{
};
inline null<> localtime_r FMT_NOMACRO(...) { return null<>(); }
inline null<> localtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }
inline null<> gmtime_r(...) { return null<>(); }
inline null<> gmtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }

inline const std::locale& get_classic_locale()
{
    static const auto& locale = std::locale::classic();
    return locale;
}

template <typename CodeUnit> struct codecvt_result
{
    static constexpr const size_t max_size = 32;
    CodeUnit buf[max_size];
    CodeUnit* end;
};
template <typename CodeUnit> constexpr const size_t codecvt_result<CodeUnit>::max_size;

template <typename CodeUnit> void write_codecvt(codecvt_result<CodeUnit>& out, string_view in_buf, const std::locale& loc)
{
#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated"
    auto& f = std::use_facet<std::codecvt<CodeUnit, char, std::mbstate_t>>(loc);
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
#else
    auto& f = std::use_facet<std::codecvt<CodeUnit, char, std::mbstate_t>>(loc);
#endif
    auto mb = std::mbstate_t();
    const char* from_next = nullptr;
    auto result = f.in(mb, in_buf.begin(), in_buf.end(), from_next, std::begin(out.buf), std::end(out.buf), out.end);
    if (result != std::codecvt_base::ok)
        FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
}

template <typename OutputIt> auto write_encoded_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view in, const std::locale& loc) -> OutputIt
{
    if (detail::is_utf8() && loc != get_classic_locale())
    {
        // char16_t and char32_t codecvts are broken in MSVC (linkage errors) and
        // gcc-4.
#if FMT_MSC_VERSION != 0 || (defined(__GLIBCXX__) && !defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI))
        // The _GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI macro is always defined in libstdc++ from gcc-5
        // and newer.
        using code_unit = wchar_t;
#else
        using code_unit = char32_t;
#endif

        using unit_t = codecvt_result<code_unit>;
        unit_t unit;
        write_codecvt(unit, in, loc);
        // In UTF-8 is used one to four one-byte code units.
        auto&& buf = basic_memory_buffer<char, unit_t::max_size * 4>();
        for (code_unit* p = unit.buf; p != unit.end; ++p)
        {
            uint32_t c = static_cast<uint32_t>(*p);
            if (sizeof(code_unit) == 2 && c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdfff)
            {
                // surrogate pair
                ++p;
                if (p == unit.end || (c & 0xfc00) != 0xd800 || (*p & 0xfc00) != 0xdc00)
                {
                    FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
                }
                c = (c << 10) + static_cast<uint32_t>(*p) - 0x35fdc00;
            }
            if (c < 0x80)
            {
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
            }
            else if (c < 0x800)
            {
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xc0 | (c >> 6)));
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
            }
            else if ((c >= 0x800 && c <= 0xd7ff) || (c >= 0xe000 && c <= 0xffff))
            {
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xe0 | (c >> 12)));
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
            }
            else if (c >= 0x10000 && c <= 0x10ffff)
            {
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xf0 | (c >> 18)));
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0x3ffff) >> 12)));
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
                buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
            }
            else
            {
                FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
            }
        }
        return copy_str<char>(buf.data(), buf.data() + buf.size(), out);
    }
    return copy_str<char>(in.data(), in.data() + in.size(), out);
}

template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
auto write_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view sv, const std::locale& loc) -> OutputIt
{
    codecvt_result<Char> unit;
    write_codecvt(unit, sv, loc);
    return copy_str<Char>(unit.buf, unit.end, out);
}

template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
auto write_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view sv, const std::locale& loc) -> OutputIt
{
    return write_encoded_tm_str(out, sv, loc);
}

template <typename Char> inline void do_write(buffer<Char>& buf, const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc, char format, char modifier)
{
    auto&& format_buf = formatbuf<std::basic_streambuf<Char>>(buf);
    auto&& os = std::basic_ostream<Char>(&format_buf);
    os.imbue(loc);
    using iterator = std::ostreambuf_iterator<Char>;
    const auto& facet = std::use_facet<std::time_put<Char, iterator>>(loc);
    auto end = facet.put(os, os, Char(' '), &time, format, modifier);
    if (end.failed())
        FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
}

template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
auto write(OutputIt out, const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc, char format, char modifier = 0) -> OutputIt
{
    auto&& buf = get_buffer<Char>(out);
    do_write<Char>(buf, time, loc, format, modifier);
    return buf.out();
}

template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
auto write(OutputIt out, const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc, char format, char modifier = 0) -> OutputIt
{
    auto&& buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
    do_write<char>(buf, time, loc, format, modifier);
    return write_encoded_tm_str(out, string_view(buf.data(), buf.size()), loc);
}

}  // namespace detail

FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN

/**
  Converts given time since epoch as ``std::time_t`` value into calendar time,
  expressed in local time. Unlike ``std::localtime``, this function is
  thread-safe on most platforms.
 */
inline std::tm localtime(std::time_t time)
{
    struct dispatcher
    {
        std::time_t time_;
        std::tm tm_;

        dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}

        bool run()
        {
            using namespace fmt::detail;
            return handle(localtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
        }

        bool handle(std::tm* tm) { return tm != nullptr; }

        bool handle(detail::null<>)
        {
            using namespace fmt::detail;
            return fallback(localtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
        }

        bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }

#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
        bool fallback(detail::null<>)
        {
            using namespace fmt::detail;
            std::tm* tm = std::localtime(&time_);
            if (tm)
                tm_ = *tm;
            return tm != nullptr;
        }
#endif
    };
    dispatcher lt(time);
    // Too big time values may be unsupported.
    if (!lt.run())
        FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
    return lt.tm_;
}

inline std::tm localtime(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> time_point) { return localtime(std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(time_point)); }

/**
  Converts given time since epoch as ``std::time_t`` value into calendar time,
  expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Unlike ``std::gmtime``, this
  function is thread-safe on most platforms.
 */
inline std::tm gmtime(std::time_t time)
{
    struct dispatcher
    {
        std::time_t time_;
        std::tm tm_;

        dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}

        bool run()
        {
            using namespace fmt::detail;
            return handle(gmtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
        }

        bool handle(std::tm* tm) { return tm != nullptr; }

        bool handle(detail::null<>)
        {
            using namespace fmt::detail;
            return fallback(gmtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
        }

        bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }

#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
        bool fallback(detail::null<>)
        {
            std::tm* tm = std::gmtime(&time_);
            if (tm)
                tm_ = *tm;
            return tm != nullptr;
        }
#endif
    };
    dispatcher gt(time);
    // Too big time values may be unsupported.
    if (!gt.run())
        FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
    return gt.tm_;
}

inline std::tm gmtime(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> time_point) { return gmtime(std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(time_point)); }

FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE

// Writes two-digit numbers a, b and c separated by sep to buf.
// The method by Pavel Novikov based on
// https://johnnylee-sde.github.io/Fast-unsigned-integer-to-time-string/.
inline void write_digit2_separated(char* buf, unsigned a, unsigned b, unsigned c, char sep)
{
    unsigned long long digits = a | (b << 24) | (static_cast<unsigned long long>(c) << 48);
    // Convert each value to BCD.
    // We have x = a * 10 + b and we want to convert it to BCD y = a * 16 + b.
    // The difference is
    //   y - x = a * 6
    // a can be found from x:
    //   a = floor(x / 10)
    // then
    //   y = x + a * 6 = x + floor(x / 10) * 6
    // floor(x / 10) is (x * 205) >> 11 (needs 16 bits).
    digits += (((digits * 205) >> 11) & 0x000f00000f00000f) * 6;
    // Put low nibbles to high bytes and high nibbles to low bytes.
    digits = ((digits & 0x00f00000f00000f0) >> 4) | ((digits & 0x000f00000f00000f) << 8);
    auto usep = static_cast<unsigned long long>(sep);
    // Add ASCII '0' to each digit byte and insert separators.
    digits |= 0x3030003030003030 | (usep << 16) | (usep << 40);

    constexpr const size_t len = 8;
    if (const_check(is_big_endian()))
    {
        char tmp[len];
        std::memcpy(tmp, &digits, len);
        std::reverse_copy(tmp, tmp + len, buf);
    }
    else
    {
        std::memcpy(buf, &digits, len);
    }
}

template <typename Period> FMT_CONSTEXPR inline const char* get_units()
{
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::atto>::value)
        return "as";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::femto>::value)
        return "fs";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::pico>::value)
        return "ps";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::nano>::value)
        return "ns";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::micro>::value)
        return "µs";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::milli>::value)
        return "ms";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::centi>::value)
        return "cs";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::deci>::value)
        return "ds";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<1>>::value)
        return "s";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::deca>::value)
        return "das";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::hecto>::value)
        return "hs";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::kilo>::value)
        return "ks";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::mega>::value)
        return "Ms";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::giga>::value)
        return "Gs";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::tera>::value)
        return "Ts";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::peta>::value)
        return "Ps";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::exa>::value)
        return "Es";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<60>>::value)
        return "m";
    if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<3600>>::value)
        return "h";
    return nullptr;
}

enum class numeric_system
{
    standard,
    // Alternative numeric system, e.g. 十二 instead of 12 in ja_JP locale.
    alternative
};

// Parses a put_time-like format string and invokes handler actions.
template <typename Char, typename Handler> FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_chrono_format(const Char* begin, const Char* end, Handler&& handler)
{
    auto ptr = begin;
    while (ptr != end)
    {
        auto c = *ptr;
        if (c == '}')
            break;
        if (c != '%')
        {
            ++ptr;
            continue;
        }
        if (begin != ptr)
            handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
        ++ptr;  // consume '%'
        if (ptr == end)
            FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
        c = *ptr++;
        switch (c)
        {
        case '%':
            handler.on_text(ptr - 1, ptr);
            break;
        case 'n':
        {
            const Char newline[] = {'\n'};
            handler.on_text(newline, newline + 1);
            break;
        }
        case 't':
        {
            const Char tab[] = {'\t'};
            handler.on_text(tab, tab + 1);
            break;
        }
        // Year:
        case 'Y':
            handler.on_year(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'y':
            handler.on_short_year(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'C':
            handler.on_century(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'G':
            handler.on_iso_week_based_year();
            break;
        case 'g':
            handler.on_iso_week_based_short_year();
            break;
        // Day of the week:
        case 'a':
            handler.on_abbr_weekday();
            break;
        case 'A':
            handler.on_full_weekday();
            break;
        case 'w':
            handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'u':
            handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        // Month:
        case 'b':
        case 'h':
            handler.on_abbr_month();
            break;
        case 'B':
            handler.on_full_month();
            break;
        case 'm':
            handler.on_dec_month(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        // Day of the year/month:
        case 'U':
            handler.on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'W':
            handler.on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'V':
            handler.on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'j':
            handler.on_day_of_year();
            break;
        case 'd':
            handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'e':
            handler.on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        // Hour, minute, second:
        case 'H':
            handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'I':
            handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'M':
            handler.on_minute(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'S':
            handler.on_second(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        // Other:
        case 'c':
            handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'x':
            handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'X':
            handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::standard);
            break;
        case 'D':
            handler.on_us_date();
            break;
        case 'F':
            handler.on_iso_date();
            break;
        case 'r':
            handler.on_12_hour_time();
            break;
        case 'R':
            handler.on_24_hour_time();
            break;
        case 'T':
            handler.on_iso_time();
            break;
        case 'p':
            handler.on_am_pm();
            break;
        case 'Q':
            handler.on_duration_value();
            break;
        case 'q':
            handler.on_duration_unit();
            break;
        case 'z':
            handler.on_utc_offset();
            break;
        case 'Z':
            handler.on_tz_name();
            break;
        // Alternative representation:
        case 'E':
        {
            if (ptr == end)
                FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
            c = *ptr++;
            switch (c)
            {
            case 'Y':
                handler.on_year(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'y':
                handler.on_offset_year();
                break;
            case 'C':
                handler.on_century(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'c':
                handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'x':
                handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'X':
                handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            default:
                FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
            }
            break;
        }
        case 'O':
            if (ptr == end)
                FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
            c = *ptr++;
            switch (c)
            {
            case 'y':
                handler.on_short_year(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'm':
                handler.on_dec_month(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'U':
                handler.on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'W':
                handler.on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'V':
                handler.on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'd':
                handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'e':
                handler.on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'w':
                handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'u':
                handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'H':
                handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'I':
                handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'M':
                handler.on_minute(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            case 'S':
                handler.on_second(numeric_system::alternative);
                break;
            default:
                FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
            }
            break;
        default:
            FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
        }
        begin = ptr;
    }
    if (begin != ptr)
        handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
    return ptr;
}

template <typename Derived> struct null_chrono_spec_handler
{
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void unsupported() { static_cast<Derived*>(this)->unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_short_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_offset_year() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_century(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_year() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_short_year() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_weekday() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_weekday() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_month() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_month() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec_month(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_datetime(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_date(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_time(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_us_date() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_date() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_value() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_unit() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_utc_offset() { unsupported(); }
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_tz_name() { unsupported(); }
};

struct tm_format_checker : null_chrono_spec_handler<tm_format_checker>
{
    FMT_NORETURN void unsupported() { FMT_THROW(format_error("no format")); }

    template <typename Char> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_year(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_short_year(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_offset_year() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_century(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_year() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_weekday() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_weekday() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_month() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_month() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec_month(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_datetime(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_date(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_time(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_us_date() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_date() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_utc_offset() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_tz_name() {}
};

inline const char* tm_wday_full_name(int wday)
{
    static constexpr const char* full_name_list[] = {"Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"};
    return wday >= 0 && wday <= 6 ? full_name_list[wday] : "?";
}
inline const char* tm_wday_short_name(int wday)
{
    static constexpr const char* short_name_list[] = {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
    return wday >= 0 && wday <= 6 ? short_name_list[wday] : "???";
}

inline const char* tm_mon_full_name(int mon)
{
    static constexpr const char* full_name_list[] = {
        "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"};
    return mon >= 0 && mon <= 11 ? full_name_list[mon] : "?";
}
inline const char* tm_mon_short_name(int mon)
{
    static constexpr const char* short_name_list[] = {
        "Jan",
        "Feb",
        "Mar",
        "Apr",
        "May",
        "Jun",
        "Jul",
        "Aug",
        "Sep",
        "Oct",
        "Nov",
        "Dec",
    };
    return mon >= 0 && mon <= 11 ? short_name_list[mon] : "???";
}

template <typename T, typename = void> struct has_member_data_tm_gmtoff : std::false_type
{
};
template <typename T> struct has_member_data_tm_gmtoff<T, void_t<decltype(T::tm_gmtoff)>> : std::true_type
{
};

template <typename T, typename = void> struct has_member_data_tm_zone : std::false_type
{
};
template <typename T> struct has_member_data_tm_zone<T, void_t<decltype(T::tm_zone)>> : std::true_type
{
};

#if FMT_USE_TZSET
inline void tzset_once()
{
    static bool init = []() -> bool {
        _tzset();
        return true;
    }();
    ignore_unused(init);
}
#endif

template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class tm_writer
{
private:
    static constexpr int days_per_week = 7;

    const std::locale& loc_;
    const bool is_classic_;
    OutputIt out_;
    const std::tm& tm_;

    auto tm_sec() const noexcept -> int
    {
        FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_sec >= 0 && tm_.tm_sec <= 61, "");
        return tm_.tm_sec;
    }
    auto tm_min() const noexcept -> int
    {
        FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_min >= 0 && tm_.tm_min <= 59, "");
        return tm_.tm_min;
    }
    auto tm_hour() const noexcept -> int
    {
        FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_hour >= 0 && tm_.tm_hour <= 23, "");
        return tm_.tm_hour;
    }
    auto tm_mday() const noexcept -> int
    {
        FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_mday >= 1 && tm_.tm_mday <= 31, "");
        return tm_.tm_mday;
    }
    auto tm_mon() const noexcept -> int
    {
        FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_mon >= 0 && tm_.tm_mon <= 11, "");
        return tm_.tm_mon;
    }
    auto tm_year() const noexcept -> long long { return 1900ll + tm_.tm_year; }
    auto tm_wday() const noexcept -> int
    {
        FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_wday >= 0 && tm_.tm_wday <= 6, "");
        return tm_.tm_wday;
    }
    auto tm_yday() const noexcept -> int
    {
        FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_yday >= 0 && tm_.tm_yday <= 365, "");
        return tm_.tm_yday;
    }

    auto tm_hour12() const noexcept -> int
    {
        const auto h = tm_hour();
        const auto z = h < 12 ? h : h - 12;
        return z == 0 ? 12 : z;
    }

    // POSIX and the C Standard are unclear or inconsistent about what %C and %y
    // do if the year is negative or exceeds 9999. Use the convention that %C
    // concatenated with %y yields the same output as %Y, and that %Y contains at
    // least 4 characters, with more only if necessary.
    auto split_year_lower(long long year) const noexcept -> int
    {
        auto l = year % 100;
        if (l < 0)
            l = -l;  // l in [0, 99]
        return static_cast<int>(l);
    }

    // Algorithm:
    // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date#Calculating_the_week_number_from_a_month_and_day_of_the_month_or_ordinal_date
    auto iso_year_weeks(long long curr_year) const noexcept -> int
    {
        const auto prev_year = curr_year - 1;
        const auto curr_p = (curr_year + curr_year / 4 - curr_year / 100 + curr_year / 400) % days_per_week;
        const auto prev_p = (prev_year + prev_year / 4 - prev_year / 100 + prev_year / 400) % days_per_week;
        return 52 + ((curr_p == 4 || prev_p == 3) ? 1 : 0);
    }
    auto iso_week_num(int tm_yday, int tm_wday) const noexcept -> int { return (tm_yday + 11 - (tm_wday == 0 ? days_per_week : tm_wday)) / days_per_week; }
    auto tm_iso_week_year() const noexcept -> long long
    {
        const auto year = tm_year();
        const auto w = iso_week_num(tm_yday(), tm_wday());
        if (w < 1)
            return year - 1;
        if (w > iso_year_weeks(year))
            return year + 1;
        return year;
    }
    auto tm_iso_week_of_year() const noexcept -> int
    {
        const auto year = tm_year();
        const auto w = iso_week_num(tm_yday(), tm_wday());
        if (w < 1)
            return iso_year_weeks(year - 1);
        if (w > iso_year_weeks(year))
            return 1;
        return w;
    }

    void write1(int value) { *out_++ = static_cast<char>('0' + to_unsigned(value) % 10); }
    void write2(int value)
    {
        const char* d = digits2(to_unsigned(value) % 100);
        *out_++ = *d++;
        *out_++ = *d;
    }

    void write_year_extended(long long year)
    {
        // At least 4 characters.
        int width = 4;
        if (year < 0)
        {
            *out_++ = '-';
            year = 0 - year;
            --width;
        }
        uint32_or_64_or_128_t<long long> n = to_unsigned(year);
        const int num_digits = count_digits(n);
        if (width > num_digits)
            out_ = std::fill_n(out_, width - num_digits, '0');
        out_ = format_decimal<Char>(out_, n, num_digits).end;
    }
    void write_year(long long year)
    {
        if (year >= 0 && year < 10000)
        {
            write2(static_cast<int>(year / 100));
            write2(static_cast<int>(year % 100));
        }
        else
        {
            write_year_extended(year);
        }
    }

    void write_utc_offset(long offset)
    {
        if (offset < 0)
        {
            *out_++ = '-';
            offset = -offset;
        }
        else
        {
            *out_++ = '+';
        }
        offset /= 60;
        write2(static_cast<int>(offset / 60));
        write2(static_cast<int>(offset % 60));
    }
    template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_member_data_tm_gmtoff<T>::value)> void format_utc_offset_impl(const T& tm) { write_utc_offset(tm.tm_gmtoff); }
    template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_member_data_tm_gmtoff<T>::value)> void format_utc_offset_impl(const T& tm)
    {
#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(_UCRT)
#if FMT_USE_TZSET
        tzset_once();
#endif
        long offset = 0;
        _get_timezone(&offset);
        if (tm.tm_isdst)
        {
            long dstbias = 0;
            _get_dstbias(&dstbias);
            offset += dstbias;
        }
        write_utc_offset(-offset);
#else
        ignore_unused(tm);
        format_localized('z');
#endif
    }

    template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_member_data_tm_zone<T>::value)> void format_tz_name_impl(const T& tm)
    {
        if (is_classic_)
            out_ = write_tm_str<Char>(out_, tm.tm_zone, loc_);
        else
            format_localized('Z');
    }
    template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_member_data_tm_zone<T>::value)> void format_tz_name_impl(const T&) { format_localized('Z'); }

    void format_localized(char format, char modifier = 0) { out_ = write<Char>(out_, tm_, loc_, format, modifier); }

public:
    tm_writer(const std::locale& loc, OutputIt out, const std::tm& tm) : loc_(loc), is_classic_(loc_ == get_classic_locale()), out_(out), tm_(tm) {}

    OutputIt out() const { return out_; }

    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) { out_ = copy_str<Char>(begin, end, out_); }

    void on_abbr_weekday()
    {
        if (is_classic_)
            out_ = write(out_, tm_wday_short_name(tm_wday()));
        else
            format_localized('a');
    }
    void on_full_weekday()
    {
        if (is_classic_)
            out_ = write(out_, tm_wday_full_name(tm_wday()));
        else
            format_localized('A');
    }
    void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write1(tm_wday());
        format_localized('w', 'O');
    }
    void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
        {
            auto wday = tm_wday();
            write1(wday == 0 ? days_per_week : wday);
        }
        else
        {
            format_localized('u', 'O');
        }
    }

    void on_abbr_month()
    {
        if (is_classic_)
            out_ = write(out_, tm_mon_short_name(tm_mon()));
        else
            format_localized('b');
    }
    void on_full_month()
    {
        if (is_classic_)
            out_ = write(out_, tm_mon_full_name(tm_mon()));
        else
            format_localized('B');
    }

    void on_datetime(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_)
        {
            on_abbr_weekday();
            *out_++ = ' ';
            on_abbr_month();
            *out_++ = ' ';
            on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system::standard);
            *out_++ = ' ';
            on_iso_time();
            *out_++ = ' ';
            on_year(numeric_system::standard);
        }
        else
        {
            format_localized('c', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
        }
    }
    void on_loc_date(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_)
            on_us_date();
        else
            format_localized('x', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
    }
    void on_loc_time(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_)
            on_iso_time();
        else
            format_localized('X', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
    }
    void on_us_date()
    {
        char buf[8];
        write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_mon() + 1), to_unsigned(tm_mday()), to_unsigned(split_year_lower(tm_year())), '/');
        out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
    }
    void on_iso_date()
    {
        auto year = tm_year();
        char buf[10];
        size_t offset = 0;
        if (year >= 0 && year < 10000)
        {
            copy2(buf, digits2(static_cast<size_t>(year / 100)));
        }
        else
        {
            offset = 4;
            write_year_extended(year);
            year = 0;
        }
        write_digit2_separated(buf + 2, static_cast<unsigned>(year % 100), to_unsigned(tm_mon() + 1), to_unsigned(tm_mday()), '-');
        out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf) + offset, std::end(buf), out_);
    }

    void on_utc_offset() { format_utc_offset_impl(tm_); }
    void on_tz_name() { format_tz_name_impl(tm_); }

    void on_year(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write_year(tm_year());
        format_localized('Y', 'E');
    }
    void on_short_year(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write2(split_year_lower(tm_year()));
        format_localized('y', 'O');
    }
    void on_offset_year()
    {
        if (is_classic_)
            return write2(split_year_lower(tm_year()));
        format_localized('y', 'E');
    }

    void on_century(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
        {
            auto year = tm_year();
            auto upper = year / 100;
            if (year >= -99 && year < 0)
            {
                // Zero upper on negative year.
                *out_++ = '-';
                *out_++ = '0';
            }
            else if (upper >= 0 && upper < 100)
            {
                write2(static_cast<int>(upper));
            }
            else
            {
                out_ = write<Char>(out_, upper);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            format_localized('C', 'E');
        }
    }

    void on_dec_month(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write2(tm_mon() + 1);
        format_localized('m', 'O');
    }

    void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write2((tm_yday() + days_per_week - tm_wday()) / days_per_week);
        format_localized('U', 'O');
    }
    void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
        {
            auto wday = tm_wday();
            write2((tm_yday() + days_per_week - (wday == 0 ? (days_per_week - 1) : (wday - 1))) / days_per_week);
        }
        else
        {
            format_localized('W', 'O');
        }
    }
    void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write2(tm_iso_week_of_year());
        format_localized('V', 'O');
    }

    void on_iso_week_based_year() { write_year(tm_iso_week_year()); }
    void on_iso_week_based_short_year() { write2(split_year_lower(tm_iso_week_year())); }

    void on_day_of_year()
    {
        auto yday = tm_yday() + 1;
        write1(yday / 100);
        write2(yday % 100);
    }
    void on_day_of_month(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write2(tm_mday());
        format_localized('d', 'O');
    }
    void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
        {
            auto mday = to_unsigned(tm_mday()) % 100;
            const char* d2 = digits2(mday);
            *out_++ = mday < 10 ? ' ' : d2[0];
            *out_++ = d2[1];
        }
        else
        {
            format_localized('e', 'O');
        }
    }

    void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write2(tm_hour());
        format_localized('H', 'O');
    }
    void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write2(tm_hour12());
        format_localized('I', 'O');
    }
    void on_minute(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write2(tm_min());
        format_localized('M', 'O');
    }
    void on_second(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write2(tm_sec());
        format_localized('S', 'O');
    }

    void on_12_hour_time()
    {
        if (is_classic_)
        {
            char buf[8];
            write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_hour12()), to_unsigned(tm_min()), to_unsigned(tm_sec()), ':');
            out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
            *out_++ = ' ';
            on_am_pm();
        }
        else
        {
            format_localized('r');
        }
    }
    void on_24_hour_time()
    {
        write2(tm_hour());
        *out_++ = ':';
        write2(tm_min());
    }
    void on_iso_time()
    {
        char buf[8];
        write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_hour()), to_unsigned(tm_min()), to_unsigned(tm_sec()), ':');
        out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
    }

    void on_am_pm()
    {
        if (is_classic_)
        {
            *out_++ = tm_hour() < 12 ? 'A' : 'P';
            *out_++ = 'M';
        }
        else
        {
            format_localized('p');
        }
    }

    // These apply to chrono durations but not tm.
    void on_duration_value() {}
    void on_duration_unit() {}
};

struct chrono_format_checker : null_chrono_spec_handler<chrono_format_checker>
{
    FMT_NORETURN void unsupported() { FMT_THROW(format_error("no date")); }

    template <typename Char> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system) {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_value() {}
    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_unit() {}
};

template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)> inline bool isfinite(T) { return true; }

// Converts value to Int and checks that it's in the range [0, upper).
template <typename T, typename Int, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)> inline Int to_nonnegative_int(T value, Int upper)
{
    FMT_ASSERT(std::is_unsigned<Int>::value || (value >= 0 && to_unsigned(value) <= to_unsigned(upper)), "invalid value");
    (void)upper;
    return static_cast<Int>(value);
}
template <typename T, typename Int, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)> inline Int to_nonnegative_int(T value, Int upper)
{
    if (value < 0 || value > static_cast<T>(upper))
        FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid value"));
    return static_cast<Int>(value);
}

template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)> inline T mod(T x, int y) { return x % static_cast<T>(y); }
template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)> inline T mod(T x, int y) { return std::fmod(x, static_cast<T>(y)); }

// If T is an integral type, maps T to its unsigned counterpart, otherwise
// leaves it unchanged (unlike std::make_unsigned).
template <typename T, bool INTEGRAL = std::is_integral<T>::value> struct make_unsigned_or_unchanged
{
    using type = T;
};

template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_unchanged<T, true>
{
    using type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
};

#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
// throwing version of safe_duration_cast
template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod> To fmt_safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from)
{
    int ec;
    To to = safe_duration_cast::safe_duration_cast<To>(from, ec);
    if (ec)
        FMT_THROW(format_error("cannot format duration"));
    return to;
}
#endif

template <typename Rep, typename Period, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Rep>::value)>
inline std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli> get_milliseconds(std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
{
    // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
    // target type.
#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
    using CommonSecondsType = typename std::common_type<decltype(d), std::chrono::seconds>::type;
    const auto d_as_common = fmt_safe_duration_cast<CommonSecondsType>(d);
    const auto d_as_whole_seconds = fmt_safe_duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d_as_common);
    // this conversion should be nonproblematic
    const auto diff = d_as_common - d_as_whole_seconds;
    const auto ms = fmt_safe_duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli>>(diff);
    return ms;
#else
    auto s = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d - s);
#endif
}

// Counts the number of fractional digits in the range [0, 18] according to the
// C++20 spec. If more than 18 fractional digits are required then returns 6 for
// microseconds precision.
template <long long Num, long long Den, int N = 0, bool Enabled = (N < 19) && (Num <= max_value<long long>() / 10)> struct count_fractional_digits
{
    static constexpr int value = Num % Den == 0 ? N : count_fractional_digits<Num * 10, Den, N + 1>::value;
};

// Base case that doesn't instantiate any more templates
// in order to avoid overflow.
template <long long Num, long long Den, int N> struct count_fractional_digits<Num, Den, N, false>
{
    static constexpr int value = (Num % Den == 0) ? N : 6;
};

constexpr long long pow10(std::uint32_t n) { return n == 0 ? 1 : 10 * pow10(n - 1); }

template <class Rep, class Period, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::numeric_limits<Rep>::is_signed)>
constexpr std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> abs(std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
{
    // We need to compare the duration using the count() method directly
    // due to a compiler bug in clang-11 regarding the spaceship operator,
    // when -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant is enabled.
    // In clang-12 the bug has been fixed. See
    // https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=46235 and the reproducible example:
    // https://www.godbolt.org/z/Knbb5joYx.
    return d.count() >= d.zero().count() ? d : -d;
}

template <class Rep, class Period, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::numeric_limits<Rep>::is_signed)>
constexpr std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> abs(std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
{
    return d;
}

template <typename Char, typename Rep, typename OutputIt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Rep>::value)>
OutputIt format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int)
{
    return write<Char>(out, val);
}

template <typename Char, typename Rep, typename OutputIt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)>
OutputIt format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int precision)
{
    auto specs = basic_format_specs<Char>();
    specs.precision = precision;
    specs.type = precision >= 0 ? presentation_type::fixed_lower : presentation_type::general_lower;
    return write<Char>(out, val, specs);
}

template <typename Char, typename OutputIt> OutputIt copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, Char) { return std::copy(unit.begin(), unit.end(), out); }

template <typename OutputIt> OutputIt copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, wchar_t)
{
    // This works when wchar_t is UTF-32 because units only contain characters
    // that have the same representation in UTF-16 and UTF-32.
    utf8_to_utf16 u(unit);
    return std::copy(u.c_str(), u.c_str() + u.size(), out);
}

template <typename Char, typename Period, typename OutputIt> OutputIt format_duration_unit(OutputIt out)
{
    if (const char* unit = get_units<Period>())
        return copy_unit(string_view(unit), out, Char());
    *out++ = '[';
    out = write<Char>(out, Period::num);
    if (const_check(Period::den != 1))
    {
        *out++ = '/';
        out = write<Char>(out, Period::den);
    }
    *out++ = ']';
    *out++ = 's';
    return out;
}

class get_locale
{
private:
    union
    {
        std::locale locale_;
    };
    bool has_locale_ = false;

public:
    get_locale(bool localized, locale_ref loc) : has_locale_(localized)
    {
        if (localized)
            ::new (&locale_) std::locale(loc.template get<std::locale>());
    }
    ~get_locale()
    {
        if (has_locale_)
            locale_.~locale();
    }
    operator const std::locale&() const { return has_locale_ ? locale_ : get_classic_locale(); }
};

template <typename FormatContext, typename OutputIt, typename Rep, typename Period> struct chrono_formatter
{
    FormatContext& context;
    OutputIt out;
    int precision;
    bool localized = false;
    // rep is unsigned to avoid overflow.
    using rep = conditional_t<std::is_integral<Rep>::value && sizeof(Rep) < sizeof(int), unsigned, typename make_unsigned_or_unchanged<Rep>::type>;
    rep val;
    using seconds = std::chrono::duration<rep>;
    seconds s;
    using milliseconds = std::chrono::duration<rep, std::milli>;
    bool negative;

    using char_type = typename FormatContext::char_type;
    using tm_writer_type = tm_writer<OutputIt, char_type>;

    chrono_formatter(FormatContext& ctx, OutputIt o, std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
        : context(ctx), out(o), val(static_cast<rep>(d.count())), negative(false)
    {
        if (d.count() < 0)
        {
            val = 0 - val;
            negative = true;
        }

        // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
        // target type.
#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
        // might need checked conversion (rep!=Rep)
        auto tmpval = std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val);
        s = fmt_safe_duration_cast<seconds>(tmpval);
#else
        s = std::chrono::duration_cast<seconds>(std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val));
#endif
    }

    // returns true if nan or inf, writes to out.
    bool handle_nan_inf()
    {
        if (isfinite(val))
        {
            return false;
        }
        if (isnan(val))
        {
            write_nan();
            return true;
        }
        // must be +-inf
        if (val > 0)
        {
            write_pinf();
        }
        else
        {
            write_ninf();
        }
        return true;
    }

    Rep hour() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 24)); }

    Rep hour12() const
    {
        Rep hour = static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 12));
        return hour <= 0 ? 12 : hour;
    }

    Rep minute() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 60), 60)); }
    Rep second() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod(s.count(), 60)); }

    std::tm time() const
    {
        auto time = std::tm();
        time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
        time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
        time.tm_sec = to_nonnegative_int(second(), 60);
        return time;
    }

    void write_sign()
    {
        if (negative)
        {
            *out++ = '-';
            negative = false;
        }
    }

    void write(Rep value, int width)
    {
        write_sign();
        if (isnan(value))
            return write_nan();
        uint32_or_64_or_128_t<int> n = to_unsigned(to_nonnegative_int(value, max_value<int>()));
        int num_digits = detail::count_digits(n);
        if (width > num_digits)
            out = std::fill_n(out, width - num_digits, '0');
        out = format_decimal<char_type>(out, n, num_digits).end;
    }

    template <typename Duration> void write_fractional_seconds(Duration d)
    {
        FMT_ASSERT(!std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value, "");
        constexpr auto num_fractional_digits = count_fractional_digits<Duration::period::num, Duration::period::den>::value;

        using subsecond_precision = std::chrono::duration<typename std::common_type<typename Duration::rep, std::chrono::seconds::rep>::type,
                                                          std::ratio<1, detail::pow10(num_fractional_digits)>>;
        if (std::ratio_less<typename subsecond_precision::period, std::chrono::seconds::period>::value)
        {
            *out++ = '.';
            auto fractional = detail::abs(d) - std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
            auto subseconds = std::chrono::treat_as_floating_point<typename subsecond_precision::rep>::value ?
                                  fractional.count() :
                                  std::chrono::duration_cast<subsecond_precision>(fractional).count();
            uint32_or_64_or_128_t<long long> n = to_unsigned(to_nonnegative_int(subseconds, max_value<long long>()));
            int num_digits = detail::count_digits(n);
            if (num_fractional_digits > num_digits)
                out = std::fill_n(out, num_fractional_digits - num_digits, '0');
            out = format_decimal<char_type>(out, n, num_digits).end;
        }
    }

    void write_nan() { std::copy_n("nan", 3, out); }
    void write_pinf() { std::copy_n("inf", 3, out); }
    void write_ninf() { std::copy_n("-inf", 4, out); }

    template <typename Callback, typename... Args> void format_tm(const tm& time, Callback cb, Args... args)
    {
        if (isnan(val))
            return write_nan();
        get_locale loc(localized, context.locale());
        auto w = tm_writer_type(loc, out, time);
        (w.*cb)(args...);
        out = w.out();
    }

    void on_text(const char_type* begin, const char_type* end) { std::copy(begin, end, out); }

    // These are not implemented because durations don't have date information.
    void on_abbr_weekday() {}
    void on_full_weekday() {}
    void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) {}
    void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) {}
    void on_abbr_month() {}
    void on_full_month() {}
    void on_datetime(numeric_system) {}
    void on_loc_date(numeric_system) {}
    void on_loc_time(numeric_system) {}
    void on_us_date() {}
    void on_iso_date() {}
    void on_utc_offset() {}
    void on_tz_name() {}
    void on_year(numeric_system) {}
    void on_short_year(numeric_system) {}
    void on_offset_year() {}
    void on_century(numeric_system) {}
    void on_iso_week_based_year() {}
    void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {}
    void on_dec_month(numeric_system) {}
    void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
    void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
    void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
    void on_day_of_year() {}
    void on_day_of_month(numeric_system) {}
    void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system) {}

    void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (handle_nan_inf())
            return;

        if (ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write(hour(), 2);
        auto time = tm();
        time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
        format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_24_hour, ns);
    }

    void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (handle_nan_inf())
            return;

        if (ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write(hour12(), 2);
        auto time = tm();
        time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour12(), 12);
        format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_12_hour, ns);
    }

    void on_minute(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (handle_nan_inf())
            return;

        if (ns == numeric_system::standard)
            return write(minute(), 2);
        auto time = tm();
        time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
        format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_minute, ns);
    }

    void on_second(numeric_system ns)
    {
        if (handle_nan_inf())
            return;

        if (ns == numeric_system::standard)
        {
            if (std::is_floating_point<rep>::value)
            {
                constexpr auto num_fractional_digits = count_fractional_digits<Period::num, Period::den>::value;
                auto buf = memory_buffer();
                format_to(std::back_inserter(buf),
                          runtime("{:.{}f}"),
                          std::fmod(val * static_cast<rep>(Period::num) / static_cast<rep>(Period::den), static_cast<rep>(60)),
                          num_fractional_digits);
                if (negative)
                    *out++ = '-';
                if (buf.size() < 2 || buf[1] == '.')
                    *out++ = '0';
                out = std::copy(buf.begin(), buf.end(), out);
            }
            else
            {
                write(second(), 2);
                write_fractional_seconds(std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val));
            }
            return;
        }
        auto time = tm();
        time.tm_sec = to_nonnegative_int(second(), 60);
        format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_second, ns);
    }

    void on_12_hour_time()
    {
        if (handle_nan_inf())
            return;
        format_tm(time(), &tm_writer_type::on_12_hour_time);
    }

    void on_24_hour_time()
    {
        if (handle_nan_inf())
        {
            *out++ = ':';
            handle_nan_inf();
            return;
        }

        write(hour(), 2);
        *out++ = ':';
        write(minute(), 2);
    }

    void on_iso_time()
    {
        on_24_hour_time();
        *out++ = ':';
        if (handle_nan_inf())
            return;
        on_second(numeric_system::standard);
    }

    void on_am_pm()
    {
        if (handle_nan_inf())
            return;
        format_tm(time(), &tm_writer_type::on_am_pm);
    }

    void on_duration_value()
    {
        if (handle_nan_inf())
            return;
        write_sign();
        out = format_duration_value<char_type>(out, val, precision);
    }

    void on_duration_unit() { out = format_duration_unit<char_type, Period>(out); }
};

FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE

#if defined(__cpp_lib_chrono) && __cpp_lib_chrono >= 201907
using weekday = std::chrono::weekday;
#else
// A fallback version of weekday.
class weekday
{
private:
    unsigned char value;

public:
    weekday() = default;
    explicit constexpr weekday(unsigned wd) noexcept : value(static_cast<unsigned char>(wd != 7 ? wd : 0)) {}
    constexpr unsigned c_encoding() const noexcept { return value; }
};

class year_month_day
{
};
#endif

// A rudimentary weekday formatter.
template <typename Char> struct formatter<weekday, Char>
{
private:
    bool localized = false;

public:
    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin())
    {
        auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
        if (begin != end && *begin == 'L')
        {
            ++begin;
            localized = true;
        }
        return begin;
    }

    template <typename FormatContext> auto format(weekday wd, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out())
    {
        auto time = std::tm();
        time.tm_wday = static_cast<int>(wd.c_encoding());
        detail::get_locale loc(localized, ctx.locale());
        auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), time);
        w.on_abbr_weekday();
        return w.out();
    }
};

template <typename Rep, typename Period, typename Char> struct formatter<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, Char>
{
private:
    basic_format_specs<Char> specs;
    int precision = -1;
    using arg_ref_type = detail::arg_ref<Char>;
    arg_ref_type width_ref;
    arg_ref_type precision_ref;
    bool localized = false;
    basic_string_view<Char> format_str;
    using duration = std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>;

    struct spec_handler
    {
        formatter& f;
        basic_format_parse_context<Char>& context;
        basic_string_view<Char> format_str;

        template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(Id arg_id)
        {
            context.check_arg_id(arg_id);
            return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
        }

        FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> arg_id)
        {
            context.check_arg_id(arg_id);
            return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
        }

        FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(detail::auto_id) { return arg_ref_type(context.next_arg_id()); }

        void on_error(const char* msg) { FMT_THROW(format_error(msg)); }
        FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fill(basic_string_view<Char> fill) { f.specs.fill = fill; }
        FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) { f.specs.align = align; }
        FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_width(int width) { f.specs.width = width; }
        FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_precision(int _precision) { f.precision = _precision; }
        FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {}

        template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) { f.width_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id); }

        template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) { f.precision_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id); }
    };

    using iterator = typename basic_format_parse_context<Char>::iterator;
    struct parse_range
    {
        iterator begin;
        iterator end;
    };

    FMT_CONSTEXPR parse_range do_parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
    {
        auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
        if (begin == end || *begin == '}')
            return {begin, begin};
        spec_handler handler{*this, ctx, format_str};
        begin = detail::parse_align(begin, end, handler);
        if (begin == end)
            return {begin, begin};
        begin = detail::parse_width(begin, end, handler);
        if (begin == end)
            return {begin, begin};
        if (*begin == '.')
        {
            if (std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)
                begin = detail::parse_precision(begin, end, handler);
            else
                handler.on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
        }
        if (begin != end && *begin == 'L')
        {
            ++begin;
            localized = true;
        }
        end = detail::parse_chrono_format(begin, end, detail::chrono_format_checker());
        return {begin, end};
    }

public:
    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin())
    {
        auto range = do_parse(ctx);
        format_str = basic_string_view<Char>(&*range.begin, detail::to_unsigned(range.end - range.begin));
        return range.end;
    }

    template <typename FormatContext> auto format(const duration& d, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out())
    {
        auto specs_copy = specs;
        auto precision_copy = precision;
        auto begin = format_str.begin(), end = format_str.end();
        // As a possible future optimization, we could avoid extra copying if width
        // is not specified.
        basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
        auto out = std::back_inserter(buf);
        detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_copy.width, width_ref, ctx);
        detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(precision_copy, precision_ref, ctx);
        if (begin == end || *begin == '}')
        {
            out = detail::format_duration_value<Char>(out, d.count(), precision_copy);
            detail::format_duration_unit<Char, Period>(out);
        }
        else
        {
            detail::chrono_formatter<FormatContext, decltype(out), Rep, Period> f(ctx, out, d);
            f.precision = precision_copy;
            f.localized = localized;
            detail::parse_chrono_format(begin, end, f);
        }
        return detail::write(ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs_copy);
    }
};

template <typename Char, typename Duration> struct formatter<std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>, Char> : formatter<std::tm, Char>
{
    FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter()
    {
        basic_string_view<Char> default_specs = detail::string_literal<Char, '%', 'F', ' ', '%', 'T'>{};
        this->do_parse(default_specs.begin(), default_specs.end());
    }

    template <typename FormatContext> auto format(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> val, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out())
    {
        return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(localtime(val), ctx);
    }
};

template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::tm, Char>
{
private:
    enum class spec
    {
        unknown,
        year_month_day,
        hh_mm_ss,
    };
    spec spec_ = spec::unknown;
    basic_string_view<Char> specs;

protected:
    template <typename It> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(It begin, It end) -> It
    {
        if (begin != end && *begin == ':')
            ++begin;
        end = detail::parse_chrono_format(begin, end, detail::tm_format_checker());
        // Replace default spec only if the new spec is not empty.
        if (end != begin)
            specs = {begin, detail::to_unsigned(end - begin)};
        return end;
    }

public:
    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin())
    {
        auto end = this->do_parse(ctx.begin(), ctx.end());
        // basic_string_view<>::compare isn't constexpr before C++17.
        if (specs.size() == 2 && specs[0] == Char('%'))
        {
            if (specs[1] == Char('F'))
                spec_ = spec::year_month_day;
            else if (specs[1] == Char('T'))
                spec_ = spec::hh_mm_ss;
        }
        return end;
    }

    template <typename FormatContext> auto format(const std::tm& tm, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out())
    {
        const auto loc_ref = ctx.locale();
        detail::get_locale loc(static_cast<bool>(loc_ref), loc_ref);
        auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), tm);
        if (spec_ == spec::year_month_day)
            w.on_iso_date();
        else if (spec_ == spec::hh_mm_ss)
            w.on_iso_time();
        else
            detail::parse_chrono_format(specs.begin(), specs.end(), w);
        return w.out();
    }
};

FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
FMT_END_NAMESPACE

#endif  // FMT_CHRONO_H_
